Īmong Indian languages, Tamil has the most ancient non-Sanskritic Indian literature. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the culture associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India. Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin in peninsular India. Īccording to Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Tamil, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, a proto-language. According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies. The Tamil Lexicon, published by the University of Madras, was one of the earliest dictionaries published in Indian languages.
In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named Thambiran Vanakkam, thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published. The two earliest manuscripts from India, acknowledged and registered by the UNESCO Memory of the World register in 19, were written in Tamil. Tamil language inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka and on trade goods in Thailand and Egypt. Of them, most are in Tamil, with only about 5 percent in other languages. About 60,000 of the 100,000 odd inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India in India are in Tamil Nadu. The earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and ' hero stones' date from around the 3rd century BC. It has the oldest extant literature among Dravidian languages. The earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from c. Recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years. The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as "one of the great classical traditions and literatures of the world". Ramanujan described it as "the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past". Tamil is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world. One of 22 scheduled languages in the Constitution of India, Tamil was the first to be classified as a classical language of India. Tamil is also natively spoken by Sri Lankan Moors.
It is also spoken by the Tamil diaspora found in many countries, including Malaysia, Myanmar, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia and Mauritius. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Tamil is an official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the sovereign nations of Sri Lanka and Singapore, and the Union Territory of Puducherry.
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Tamil text used in this article is transliterated into the Latin script according to the ISO 15919 standard.
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